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TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY 2079 Bachelor Level (4 Yrs.)/Science & Tech./ III Year Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) (Bot 304) (Elective) Full Marks:50 Time: 11/2 hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. New Course Give explanatory answers to the following questions (any two) [2x10=20] 1.Discuss the distribution pattern of MAPs in various climatic zone of Nepal. Explain major role of MAPs to enhance people's livelihood in Nepal. 2. Write the agriculture practices, major chemical constituents and major challenges in the sustainable use of Swertia Chirayita in Nepal. 3. Define pharmacognosy.Discuss different techniques for extractions of major phytochemical constituents from MAPs. Give Short answer to the following questions (any four) [4x5=20] 4. Discuss major issues and challenges for the sustainability of Ophicordyceps sinensis. 5. Write the conservation status, active constituents and uses of Paris polyphylla. 6. Based on your...

1. **Swertia Chirayita (Chiraito):**    - Used in traditional medicine for treating fever, malaria, and digestive disorders.    - Known for its bitter taste and used as a tonic to improve appetite and digestion.    - Used as a remedy for liver and gallbladder-related issues.    - Employed in Ayurvedic medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties.    - Used to promote overall well-being and boost the immune system. 2. **Xanthoxylum armatum (Timur):**    - Utilized as a spice in cooking due to its peppery and citrusy flavor.    - Used in traditional medicine for its digestive and carminative properties.    - Used to make aromatic oils and perfumes.    - The dried fruits are used as a natural insect repellent.    - The seeds are used as a spice in pickling and preserving food. 3. **Asparagus roce mosus (Kurilo):**    - Used in traditional medicine for its aphrodisiac and diuretic ...

 1. **Swertia Chirayita (Chiraito):** Chiratin, amarogentin, swertiamarin, gentiopicroside, xanthones, and other bitter principles. 2. **Xanthoxylum armatum (Timur):** Essential oils (mainly limonene, linalool, and others), alkaloids (such as nitidine), flavonoids, and coumarins. 3. **Asparagus roce mosus (Kurilo):** Saponins (shatavarin), steroidal glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils. 4. **Valeriana Jatamansi (Sugan dhawal):** Valeranone, valeranal, valerenic acid, lignans, and sesquiterpenes. 5. **Neopicrorhiza (Kutki):** Iridoid glycosides (including kutkoside), picrosides, andrographolide, and other bitter principles. 6. **Nardostachys Grandiflora (Jatamasi):** Valeranone, jatamansone, jatamansinol, calarenol, and other sesquiterpenoids. 7. **Cordyceps/Ophiocordyceps Sinensis (Yarshagumba):** Cordycepin, adenosine, polysaccharides, and various amino acids. 8. **Dactylorhiza Hatagirea (Panchaule):** Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other phytochem...

Family : Elaeagnaceae Vernacular names : Tarbu, Tarbu namtar (Am); Dale chuk (Dn, Np); Ashuka (Sn). Common name : Seabuckthorn Habitat & distribution : Along riversides, alluvial gravel; 2200-3500 m, WC Nepal. Distributed in the Himalaya (Punjab to Bhutan), China. Locally found in Tripurakot, Pahada, Kaigaon, Suligad and Pungmo areas. Diagnostic characters : Thorny deciduous shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, white-downy beneath. Male flowers yellowish-brown in small catkins that appear before leaves; female in small racemes appearing with the leaves. Fruits globular, orange or red berry. Occurrence : Common. Flowering & fruiting : Apr.-Jun. (fl), Aug.-Sep. (fr). Parts used : Fruits. Taste/Potency : Sour (kyur)/Neutral (nyom), sharp (no) & light (yang). Use : Toothache, joint pain, liver, lung and phlegm diseases, menstrual disorders, dysentery, gum infection, blood disorders, diabetes and intestinal parasites. Fruits are edible raw, also used extensively for th...

Dendrobium is a diverse and popular genus of orchids known for its beautiful and vibrant flowers. Cultivating and propagating Dendrobium orchids can be a rewarding experience, but it's essential to understand their specific requirements. Here's a guide to help you with Dendrobium cultivation and propagation: **Cultivation:** 1. **Light:** Dendrobium orchids generally prefer bright, indirect light. In their natural habitat, they often grow as epiphytes, attached to trees, so they are used to filtered sunlight. Avoid exposing them to direct sunlight, as it can scorch their leaves. 2. **Temperature:** Most Dendrobium orchids prefer warm to intermediate temperatures. Daytime temperatures between 20°C to 30°C (68°F to 86°F) and nighttime temperatures not falling below 15°C (59°F) are suitable. Some varieties might have specific temperature requirements, so it's best to research the specific species or hybrid you have. 3. **Humidity:** These orchids enjoy high humidity levels, id...

Nepal is located in the Northern Hemisphere. It lies entirely north of the equator, between approximately 26 to 31 degrees latitude in the Northern Hemisphere.  As a result, Nepal experiences the typical seasonal patterns of the Northern Hemisphere,  where spring occurs from March to May,  summer from June to August,  autumn (fall) from September to November, and  winter from December to February.

Explain the major policies and programs for the promotion of MAPS in Nepal. MAPS (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants) play a vital role in Nepal's traditional medicine practices and have significant economic and ecological value. The government of Nepal has recognized the importance of MAPs and has implemented various policies and programs to promote their conservation, sustainable use, and commercialization. Some of the major policies and programs for the promotion of MAPs in Nepal include: 1. National Policy for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: The government of Nepal has formulated a National Policy for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants to guide the sustainable management and utilization of these valuable resources. This policy aims to promote the cultivation, harvesting, and trade of MAPs while ensuring their conservation and biodiversity preservation. 2. Establishment of NTFP Development Committees: The government has set up Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) Development Committees at the ...