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Grade 12 Biology Full Syllabus 2025. NEB Syllabus Made Easy

📘 Grade 12 Biology Syllabus 

🌱 Unit 1 – Plant Anatomy (8 hours)

  1. Concept of plant tissues

  2. Types of tissues: Meristems & Permanent tissues

  3. Anatomy of dicot and monocot roots

  4. Anatomy of dicot and monocot stems

  5. Anatomy of dicot and monocot leaves

  6. Secondary growth in dicot stem 

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🌿 Unit 2 – Plant Physiology (20 hours)

2.1 Water Relation (4 hours)

  1. Diffusion

  2. Osmosis

  3. Plasmolysis

  4. Ascent of sap

  5. Transpiration

  6. Guttation

2.2 Photosynthesis (5 hours)

  1. Significance of photosynthesis

  2. Photosynthetic pigments

  3. Mechanism: Photochemical phase

  4. Mechanism: Calvin-Benson cycle

  5. C3 plants vs C4 plants

  6. Photorespiration

  7. Factors affecting photosynthesis

2.3 Respiration (5 hours)

  1. Significance of respiration

  2. Types of respiration

  3. Glycolysis

  4. Krebs cycle

  5. Electron Transport System (ETS)

  6. Factors affecting respiration

2.4 Plant Hormones (3 hours)

  1. Auxins

  2. Gibberellins

  3. Cytokinins

2.5 Plant Growth & Movement (3 hours)

  1. Seed germination & dormancy

  2. Photoperiodism

  3. Vernalization

  4. Senescence

  5. Plant movements – Tropic & Nastic

🧬 Unit 3 – Genetics (21 hours)

3.1 Genetic Materials (5 hours)

  1. Introduction to genetics

  2. DNA & RNA – structure, composition, function

  3. DNA replication

  4. Genetic code

3.2 Mendelian Genetics (6 hours)

  1. Mendel’s experiments

  2. Laws of inheritance

  3. Gene interactions: Incomplete dominance, Codominance

3.3 Linkage & Crossing Over (5 hours)

  1. Concept of linkage

  2. Types: Complete & Incomplete linkage

  3. Sex-linked inheritance:

    • Color blindness in humans

    • Eye color in Drosophila

  4. Concept & significance of crossing over

3.4 Mutation & Polyploidy (5 hours)

  1. Gene mutations

  2. Chromosomal mutations

  3. Positive & negative importance of mutation

  4. Polyploidy: origin & significance

🌸 Unit 4 – Embryology (8 hours)

  1. Asexual & sexual reproduction in angiosperms

  2. Pollination

  3. Fertilization

  4. Male gametophyte development

  5. Female gametophyte development

  6. Dicot embryo development

  7. Monocot embryo development

  8. Concept of endosperm

🧪 Unit 5 – Biotechnology (7 hours)

  1. Tissue culture

  2. Plant breeding

  3. Disease-resistant plants

  4. Green manure & biofertilizers

  5. Biopesticides

  6. Genetic engineering & GMOs

  7. Food safety & security, bioengineering

🐾 Unit 6 – Animal Tissues (8 hours)

  1. Epithelial tissue (types & functions)

  2. Connective tissue (types & functions)

  3. Muscular tissue

  4. Nervous tissue

🐸 Unit 7 – Developmental Biology (6 hours)

  1. Spermatogenesis

  2. Oogenesis

  3. Frog fertilization & effects

  4. Cleavage, morula, blastula, gastrula

  5. Organogenesis: notochord, nerve cord, coelom

🫀 Unit 8 – Human Biology (28 hours)

  1. Digestive system (alimentary canal, digestion)

  2. Respiratory system (organs, gas exchange, regulation)

  3. Circulatory system (double circulation, heart, cardiac cycle, blood groups, BP)

  4. Excretory system (modes of excretion, urine formation)

  5. Nervous system (CNS, PNS, ANS, brain & nerve impulses)

  6. Sense organs (eye & ear)

  7. Endocrine glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads + disorders)

  8. Reproductive system (male & female organs, ovarian & menstrual cycles)

👥 Unit 9 – Human Population & Health Disorders (6 hours)

  1. Human population growth & control strategies

  2. Demographic cycle

  3. Cardiovascular, respiratory & renal disorders

  4. Substance abuse: drugs, alcohol, smoking

  5. Animal behavior: reflex, taxis, dominance, migration

  6. Environmental pollution (air, water, soil + pesticides)

🧫 Unit 10 – Applied Biology (16 hours)

  1. Tissue & organ transplantation

  2. In-vitro fertilization (IVF)

  3. Amniocentesis

  4. Transgenic animals (GMOs)

  5. Poultry & fish farming

  6. Microbial diseases: Typhoid, TB, HIV, cholera, influenza, hepatitis, candidiasis

  7. Vaccines & immunology basics

  8. Applications of microbes: dairy, beverages, water treatment, biocontrol, biofertilizers

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