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TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY 2079 Bachelor Level (4 Yrs.)/Science & Tech./ III Year Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) (Bot 304) (Elective) Full Marks:50 Time: 11/2 hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. New Course Give explanatory answers to the following questions (any two) [2x10=20] 1.Discuss the distribution pattern of MAPs in various climatic zone of Nepal. Explain major role of MAPs to enhance people's livelihood in Nepal. 2. Write the agriculture practices, major chemical constituents and major challenges in the sustainable use of Swertia Chirayita in Nepal. 3. Define pharmacognosy.Discuss different techniques for extractions of major phytochemical constituents from MAPs. Give Short answer to the following questions (any four) [4x5=20] 4. Discuss major issues and challenges for the sustainability of Ophicordyceps sinensis. 5. Write the conservation status, active constituents and uses of Paris polyphylla. 6. Based on your...

1. **Swertia Chirayita (Chiraito):**    - Used in traditional medicine for treating fever, malaria, and digestive disorders.    - Known for its bitter taste and used as a tonic to improve appetite and digestion.    - Used as a remedy for liver and gallbladder-related issues.    - Employed in Ayurvedic medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties.    - Used to promote overall well-being and boost the immune system. 2. **Xanthoxylum armatum (Timur):**    - Utilized as a spice in cooking due to its peppery and citrusy flavor.    - Used in traditional medicine for its digestive and carminative properties.    - Used to make aromatic oils and perfumes.    - The dried fruits are used as a natural insect repellent.    - The seeds are used as a spice in pickling and preserving food. 3. **Asparagus roce mosus (Kurilo):**    - Used in traditional medicine for its aphrodisiac and diuretic ...

 1. **Swertia Chirayita (Chiraito):** Chiratin, amarogentin, swertiamarin, gentiopicroside, xanthones, and other bitter principles. 2. **Xanthoxylum armatum (Timur):** Essential oils (mainly limonene, linalool, and others), alkaloids (such as nitidine), flavonoids, and coumarins. 3. **Asparagus roce mosus (Kurilo):** Saponins (shatavarin), steroidal glycosides, flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential oils. 4. **Valeriana Jatamansi (Sugan dhawal):** Valeranone, valeranal, valerenic acid, lignans, and sesquiterpenes. 5. **Neopicrorhiza (Kutki):** Iridoid glycosides (including kutkoside), picrosides, andrographolide, and other bitter principles. 6. **Nardostachys Grandiflora (Jatamasi):** Valeranone, jatamansone, jatamansinol, calarenol, and other sesquiterpenoids. 7. **Cordyceps/Ophiocordyceps Sinensis (Yarshagumba):** Cordycepin, adenosine, polysaccharides, and various amino acids. 8. **Dactylorhiza Hatagirea (Panchaule):** Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, alkaloids, and other phytochem...

Family : Elaeagnaceae Vernacular names : Tarbu, Tarbu namtar (Am); Dale chuk (Dn, Np); Ashuka (Sn). Common name : Seabuckthorn Habitat & distribution : Along riversides, alluvial gravel; 2200-3500 m, WC Nepal. Distributed in the Himalaya (Punjab to Bhutan), China. Locally found in Tripurakot, Pahada, Kaigaon, Suligad and Pungmo areas. Diagnostic characters : Thorny deciduous shrub or small tree. Leaves oblong-lanceolate, white-downy beneath. Male flowers yellowish-brown in small catkins that appear before leaves; female in small racemes appearing with the leaves. Fruits globular, orange or red berry. Occurrence : Common. Flowering & fruiting : Apr.-Jun. (fl), Aug.-Sep. (fr). Parts used : Fruits. Taste/Potency : Sour (kyur)/Neutral (nyom), sharp (no) & light (yang). Use : Toothache, joint pain, liver, lung and phlegm diseases, menstrual disorders, dysentery, gum infection, blood disorders, diabetes and intestinal parasites. Fruits are edible raw, also used extensively for th...

Dendrobium is a diverse and popular genus of orchids known for its beautiful and vibrant flowers. Cultivating and propagating Dendrobium orchids can be a rewarding experience, but it's essential to understand their specific requirements. Here's a guide to help you with Dendrobium cultivation and propagation: **Cultivation:** 1. **Light:** Dendrobium orchids generally prefer bright, indirect light. In their natural habitat, they often grow as epiphytes, attached to trees, so they are used to filtered sunlight. Avoid exposing them to direct sunlight, as it can scorch their leaves. 2. **Temperature:** Most Dendrobium orchids prefer warm to intermediate temperatures. Daytime temperatures between 20°C to 30°C (68°F to 86°F) and nighttime temperatures not falling below 15°C (59°F) are suitable. Some varieties might have specific temperature requirements, so it's best to research the specific species or hybrid you have. 3. **Humidity:** These orchids enjoy high humidity levels, id...

Nepal is located in the Northern Hemisphere. It lies entirely north of the equator, between approximately 26 to 31 degrees latitude in the Northern Hemisphere.  As a result, Nepal experiences the typical seasonal patterns of the Northern Hemisphere,  where spring occurs from March to May,  summer from June to August,  autumn (fall) from September to November, and  winter from December to February.

Explain the major policies and programs for the promotion of MAPS in Nepal. MAPS (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants) play a vital role in Nepal's traditional medicine practices and have significant economic and ecological value. The government of Nepal has recognized the importance of MAPs and has implemented various policies and programs to promote their conservation, sustainable use, and commercialization. Some of the major policies and programs for the promotion of MAPs in Nepal include: 1. National Policy for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants: The government of Nepal has formulated a National Policy for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants to guide the sustainable management and utilization of these valuable resources. This policy aims to promote the cultivation, harvesting, and trade of MAPs while ensuring their conservation and biodiversity preservation. 2. Establishment of NTFP Development Committees: The government has set up Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) Development Committees at the ...

Discuss traditional treatment using herbal medicine with suitable examples. Traditional treatment using herbal medicine, also known as traditional herbal medicine or traditional medicine, is a practice that involves the use of plant-based remedies to treat various ailments and health conditions. Many cultures and indigenous communities have relied on herbal medicine for centuries, passing down knowledge from one generation to another. Here are some examples of traditional herbal treatments from different regions: 1. Ayurveda (India): Ayurveda is an ancient system of medicine originating in India, and it utilizes a wide range of herbal remedies for treating various health issues. For example, Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is used in Ayurveda to reduce stress, anxiety, and promote overall well-being. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is another essential herb in Ayurvedic medicine known for its anti-inflammatory properties and is used to support joint health and improve digestion. 2. Tradition...

Discuss on the overview of techniques for the extraction of major phytochemicals from medicinal plants. The extraction of phytochemicals from medicinal plants is a critical process that allows for the isolation and concentration of bioactive compounds present in the plant material. These phytochemicals often possess medicinal properties and contribute to the therapeutic effects of herbal medicines. Various extraction techniques are employed to obtain these valuable compounds. Here is an overview of some common extraction methods: Maceration: In this traditional method, coarsely powdered plant material is soaked in a solvent, usually alcohol or water, for an extended period. The solvent slowly penetrates the plant material, dissolving the phytochemicals, resulting in the formation of an extract. Maceration is a simple and cost-effective method but may take several days or weeks to achieve maximum extraction. Percolation: This method involves passing a solvent through a packed bed of fin...

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs) (Bot. 304) Course Content Unit 1: Overview and importance Unit 2: Diversity, distribution and trade potentials Unit 3: Conversation status and sustainable use Unit 4: Pharmacognosy Unit 5: Cultivation technologies of commercially important MAPs  Sure, here is the well-formatted list of plant names: 1. Swertia Chirayita (Chiraito) 2. Xanthoxylum armatum (Timur) 3. Asparagus roce mosus (Kurilo) 4. Valeriana Jatamansi (Sugan dhawal) 5. Neopicrorhiza (Kutki) 6. Nardostachys Grandiflora (Jatamasi) 7. Cordyceps/Ophiocordyceps Sinensis (Yarshagumba) 8. Dactylorhiza Hatagirea (Panchaule) 9. Dendrobium sp. (Sunakhari) 10. Morchella Species (Guchi chyau) 11. Sinopodophyllum Hexandrum (Laghupatra) 12. Hippophae Salicifolia (Dale chuk, vuichuk) 13. Urtica Dioca (Sisnoo) 14. Azadirachta indica (Neem) 15. Taxus Wallichiana (Lauth salla) 16. Paris polyphylla (Satuwa) 17. Rheum australe (Padam chal) 18. Sapindus Mukorossi (Ritha) 19. Piper Longum (Pipla) 20. Ph...

Tribhuvan University 2079 Bachelor Level (4 Yrs.)/Science & Tech./III Year Full Marks:100 Zoology (Physiology,Genetics and Molecular Biology) (Zool.301) New Course                Time: 3 hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Illustrate your answers with suitable diagrams wherever necessary. GROUP"A" [2x10=20] Attempt any TWO questions. 1. What is carbohydrate? How does the human body metabolize carbohydrates in order to provide energy for various physiological functions? 2. What is nephron? How does the nephron contribute to the processes of filtration, reabsorption and secretion involved in urine formation? 3. Describe the structure of Nerve cells. How does an electrical signal pass along the nerve cell? GROUP "B" Attempt any TWO questions. [2x10=20] 4. What are cell organelles? Describe the structure and function of mitochondria. 5. What is ...

  Title: Tribhuvan University 2079 Bachelor Level (4 Yrs.) / Science & Tech. / III Year Course: Plant Biochemistry and Plant Biotechnology - (Bot 301) Full Marks: 100 Time: 3 hrs.   Section "A" (Plant Bio-Chemistry) Long answers questions (Attempt any TWO) What are amino acids? Describe the structure, properties, and classification of amino acids. [2x10=20] Define monosaccharides? Explain the chemical properties of monosaccharides. Mention their rules. [2x10=20] Describe the lipid oxidation mechanism in plants. State the biological roles of lipids. [2x10=20] Short answers questions: (any FOUR) 4. Why is water called the universal solvent? Write about the biological roles of water. [4x5=20] Give a short account of the mechanism of enzyme action. What are fat-soluble vitamins? State the functions of any two fat-soluble vitamins. [4x5=20] What is DNA sequencing? Write down the application of DNA sequencing. What are plant pigments? Mention their importance in the plant kingd...

 TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY 2079 Bachelor Level (4 Yrs.) / Science & Tech. / III Year Zoology (Natural Resource Management) Elective (ZooL303) Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The figures in the margin indicate full marks. Illustrate your answers with suitable diagrams wherever necessary. GROUP "A" Attempt any TWO questions. (2x10-20) 1. What are natural resources? Discuss the factors affecting natural resource uses in developing countries. 2. Define biodiversity. Mention the current threats to biodiversity in Nepal. 3. What is energy resource? Discuss the current global energy crisis. GROUP "B" Attempt All questions. (4x6=24) 4. Describe the major water sources of Nepal. How does water scarcity impact human communities and ecosystems? 5. Define land resources. Briefly explain the land resource policy of Nepal. 6. Give an account of the status of mineral resources in Nepal.  OR     Briefly describe the consequ...

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY 2079 Bachelor Level (4 Yrs.) / Science & Tech. / III Year Research Methodology Time: 3 hrs. Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. The questions are of equal value. Full Marks: 100 New Course Attempt any TEN questions.  1. Explain what you understand by research. Describe different levels of research and the rigor of analysis needed for each level. [3+5+2] 2. Define and describe a pilot survey. Also, mention the different types of social surveys. [7+3] 3. What do you mean by experimental research? Also, discuss what you know about ex-post facto research with examples. [4+6] 4. Define data and explain why data is needed in every field of sciences. Describe the nature of data in natural and social sciences. [4+6] 5. What is a schedule? Describe the different kinds of schedules. Also, discuss the content of a schedule. [2+5+3] 6. What is sampling? What are the steps to be followed in sampling? A researcher wants...

The main research methods used in contemporary society encompass a range of approaches that researchers employ to investigate and gain knowledge in various fields. Some of the commonly used research methods include: - Surveys: Surveys involve collecting data from a sample of individuals using questionnaires or interviews. Surveys are used to gather information about attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and characteristics of a population. - Experiments: Experiments are conducted to establish cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Researchers manipulate independent variables, observe the effects on dependent variables, and control for potential confounding factors. - Observational Studies: Observational studies involve observing and recording behaviors, events, or phenomena without intervening or manipulating variables. They are often used in naturalistic settings and provide insights into real-life behaviors and contexts. - Case Studies: Case studies involve in-depth analysis and...

A design of experiment (DOE) refers to a systematic approach for planning, conducting, and analyzing experiments in research. It involves controlling and manipulating variables to observe their effects on the outcome of interest. The research design and design of experiment are closely related, as the design of experiment is a specific research design used to investigate cause-and-effect relationships. The basic principles of the design of experiment include: - Randomization: Experimental units, such as participants or samples, are randomly assigned to different treatment groups. Randomization helps minimize bias and ensures that any observed effects can be attributed to the manipulated variables rather than other factors. - Replication: Each treatment condition is replicated multiple times to increase the reliability and precision of the results. Replication allows for the assessment of the variability and consistency of the effects. - Control: The design of experiment includes contro...

Plant Information Species Family Common Names Valeriana jatamansii Valerianaceae Indian valerian Swertia cuneata Gentianaceae Tikta, Chak tik Rheum australe Polygonaceae Himalayan rhubarb Podophyllum hexandrum Berberidaceae Himalayan may apple Asparagus filicinus Liliaceae Wild asparagus Cordyceps sinensis Clavicipitaceae Caterpillar fungus Diagnostic Characters Species Diagnostic Characters Valeriana jatamansii Perennial herb with tufted stem and long fibrous roots Swertia cuneata Erect perennial herb with spathulate leaves and small flowers Rheum australe Robust perennial herb with ovate-heart-shaped leaves Podophyllum hexandrum Erect perennial herb with orbicular leaves and white flowers Asparagus filicinus Erect perennial or twiner with fl...

Cordyceps sinensis (Berk.) Sacc. Sphaeria sinensis Berk. Family : Clavicipitaceae. Vernacular names : Yar tsa gun bu (Am); Bu (Km); Buti (Dn); Yarsagumba, Jivanbuti (Np). Common names : Caterpillar fungus. Habitat & distribution : Alpine meadows; 4500- 5200 m, WCE Nepal. Distributed in the Himalaya, China. Locally found throughout the high alpine areas such as Dokpa, Jagdulla, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo, Majphal, Numla, Bagala, Dho, Bijer, Saldang. Diagnostic characters : Club-shaped parasitic fungus; later becomes saprophytic on insect larva after its death. It comes out of the anterior end of the larva of the caterpillar (swiftmoth) during the monsoon. Fructification dark-brown and stalk yellowish-white, 5-8 cm long. Occurrence : Common. Season of fructification: May-Jun. Parts used : Fungus & insect larva. Taste/Potency : Sweet (ngar)/Oily (num) & warm (dro). Use : Tonic and aphrodisiac. Also used as tonic for yak and sheep. Toxicity : Non-toxic. Mode of use : Taken orally ...

Asparagus filicinus Family : Liliaceae Vernacular names : Nye shing (Am); Gaja tugtug, Rapuk (Km); Ban kurilo, Satawari (Dn, Np). Common name : Wild asparagus. Habitat & distribution : Forests, shrubberies; 2100-3000 m, WC Nepal. Distributed in the Himalaya (Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh), NE India, Myanmar, China, Indo-China, Thailand. Locally found in Suligad and Jagdulla valley (2200-3400m). Diagnostic characters : Erect perennial, or twiner without spines and with tuberous roots. Cladodes flat, curved in clusters of 2-6. Flowers white or greenish to reddish-green, solitary or paired, on slender stalks in axils of cladode whorls. Berry black, globose. Occurrence : Common. Flowering & fruiting : May-Jul. (fl), Jun.-Oct. (fr). Parts used : Root tubers. Taste/Potency : Sweet (ngar) & bitter (kha)/ Warm (dro). Use : Lactation, weakness, excessive menstrual bleeding, nasal bleeding, diarrhoea, dysentery, and skin diseases. Also used as diuretic, tonic, and detergent to wash ha...

Nardostachys grandiflora DC. Nardostachys gracilis Kitam., N. jatamansi DC., Family : Valerianaceae Vernacular names : Pang poe, Dak poe (Am, Km); Bhulte, Bhutle (Dn); Jatamansi (Np, Sn). Common names : Spikenard, Musk root. Habitat & distribution : Rocks, open slopes, scrubs, forests; 3200-5300 m, WCE Nepal. Distributed in the Himalaya (Uttar Pradesh to Bhutan), W China. Locally found in Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, Majphal areas. Diagnostic characters : Perennial herb with thick aromatic rhizome covered by reddish brown fibres. Leaves basal, elliptic-lanceolate to spathulate, sessile. Flowers rosy, pale pink or white, in dense terminal cymes. Fruits obovate, 1-seeded. Occurrence : Common. Flowering & fruiting : Jun.-Aug. (fl), Jul.-Sep. (fr). Parts used : Rhizomes & leaves. Taste/Potency : Sweet (ngar) & bitter (kha)/Cool (sil). Use : Rhizomes are used for wounds, cough, cold, chronic fever, fever due to poisoning, spleen disease, intestinal parasites, high blood...

Podophyllum hexandrum Family : Berberidaceae. Vernacular names : Wolmose (Am), Balugu (Km); Meme gudruk (Dn); Laghu patra (Np). Common name : Himalayan may apple. Habitat & distribution : Open and shady places, shrubberies; 2400-4500 m, WCE Nepal. Distributed in Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh), W China. Locally found in Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo areas. Diagnostic characters : Perennial rhizomatous herb, with erect unbranched stem. Leaves 2, large, long-petioled, borne at the stem apex, palmately lobed into 3 elliptic or obovate segments. Flowers solitary, cup-shaped, white or pink, borne on petiole of upper leaf. Berry large, fleshy, red. Occurrence : Common. Flowering & fruiting : May.-Jun. (fl), Jun.-Sep. (fr). Parts used : Fruits. Taste/Potency : Sweet (ngar) & astringent (ka)/Neutral (nyom). Use : Gynaecological diseases, menstrual disorders, kidney disease, skin disease, cough, fever due to channel disorders and bleeding. It assists childbirth and ex...

Rheum australe Family : Polygonaceae Vernacular names : Chutsa (Am), Tarbu bartar (Km); Padamchal, Chulthi amilo, Mirechuk (Dn, Np); Amlaparni, Pitamulika (Sn). Common name : Himalayan rhubarb. Habitat & distribution : Open slopes; 3200-4200 m, WCE Nepal. Distributed in the Himalaya (Himachal Pradesh to Bhutan), China (Xizang). Locally found in Dokpa, Mukroman, Pungmo areas. Diagnostic characters : Robust perennial herb, with hollow stem and stout rootstocks. Leaves orbicular, with heart-shaped base, long petioled; upper leaves smaller. Flowers small, dark reddish-purple, in terminal panicles. Fruit purple, winged. Occurrence : Common. Flowering & fruiting : Jun.-Jul. (fl), Jul.-Sep. (fr). Parts used : Rootstocks & petioles. Taste/Potency : Sour (kyur) & bitter (kha)/ Neutral (nyom). Use : Rootstocks in fracture, sprain, indigestion, bloated stomach, sores, menstrual and blood disorders, and bile fever. Also used for colouring wool and as fixative. Petioles are used as ...

Swertia cuneata Family : Gentianaceae Vernacular names : Tikta, Chak tik (Am). Habitat & distribution : Meadows, open slopes; 3600-5000 m, WCE Nepal. Distributed in the Himalaya (Uttar Pradesh to Sikkim), NE India, China (Xizang). Locally found in Jagdulla, Dokpa, Kagmara, Pungmo, Ringmo areas. Diagnostic characters : Erect perennial herb. Leaves spathulate; lower long stalked, the upper nearly stalkless. Flowers lurid blue, long stalked; corolla lobes 5, narrow-elliptic, with 2 linear basal nectaries surrounded by long hairs, or hairless. Capsules narrowly oblong. Occurrence : Common. Flowering & fruiting : Aug.-Oct. Parts used : Whole plant. Taste/Potency : Bitter (kha)/Cool (sil). Use : Bile disease, liver disease, cough, cold, fever, wind fever, bone fever and headache. Toxicity : Non-toxic. Mode of use : Used with other herbs. Harvesting : It is collected in Nov.-Dec. National status : Threat not known. Local status : Not vulnerable. Commonly found and mostly used by amchi...

Valeriana jatamansii Family : Valerianaceae Vernacular names : Na poe (Am, Km); Sugandhwal, Samayo (Dn, Np). Common name : Indian valerian. Habitat & distribution : Open slopes, moist places in forest; 1500-3600 m, WCE Nepal. Distributed in Afghanistan, Himalaya (Kashmir to Bhutan), NE India, Myanmar, China. Locally found in Juphal, Pahada, Tripurakot, Majphal areas. Diagnostic characters : Perennial herb, with tufted stem and long fibrous roots descending from fragrant rhizome. Basal leaves ovate-heart-shaped, long stalked, toothed or wavy; stem leaves few, small, entire or lobed. Flowers small white, or pink-tinged, in terminal cluster. Occurrence : Common. Flowering & fruiting : Feb.-Jul. (fl), Jun.-Aug. (fr). Parts used : Rhizomes & roots. Taste/Potency : Sweet (ngar) & bitter (kha)/ Cool (sil). Use : Headache, eye trouble, sore throat, indigestion and wounds. Also used as incense with other herbs. Toxicity : Non-toxic. Mode of use : Used with other herbs. Chief con...